Revised estimates of ocean-atmosphere CO2 flux accounting for near-surface temperature and salinity deviations from 1985-01-01 to 2019-12-31 (NCEI Accession 0301544)

Description

The ocean is a sink for ~25% of the atmospheric CO2 emitted by human activities, an amount in excess of 2 petagrams of carbon per year (PgC yr−1). Time-resolved estimates of global ocean-atmosphere CO2 flux provide an important constraint on the global carbon budget. However, previous estimates of this flux, derived from surface ocean CO2 concentrations, have not corrected the data for temperature gradients between the surface and sampling at a few meters depth, or for the effect of the cool ocean surface skin. Here we calculate a time history of ocean-atmosphere CO2 fluxes from 1992 to 2018, corrected for these effects. These increase the calculated net flux into the oceans significantly.

Resources

Name Format Description Link
0 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/301544
0 Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/301544
0 These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0233/0301544/
0 Information for contacts at NCEI. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Information for contacts at NCEI. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact
0 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
0 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
0 OCADS website https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system
0 related journal article https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18203-3
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 related resource https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/
21 Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0301544.html
0 Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. https://doi.org/10.25921/2dp5-xm29
0 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
21 Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0301544.html
0 Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. https://doi.org/10.25921/2dp5-xm29
0 Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/301544
0 Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/301544
0 These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0233/0301544/
0 Information for contacts at NCEI. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact
0 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
0 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
0 OCADS website https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system
0 related journal article https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18203-3
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 related resource https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/
0 Information for contacts at NCEI. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact
0 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
21 Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0301544.html
0 Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. https://doi.org/10.25921/2dp5-xm29
0 Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/301544
0 Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/301544
0 These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0233/0301544/
0 Information for contacts at NCEI. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
0 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
0 OCADS website https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system
0 related journal article https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18203-3
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 related resource https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Information for contacts at NCEI. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact
0 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
21 Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0301544.html
0 Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. https://doi.org/10.25921/2dp5-xm29
0 Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/301544
0 These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0233/0301544/
0 Information for contacts at NCEI. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Information for contacts at NCEI. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact
0 OCADS website https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system
0 related journal article https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18203-3
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 related resource https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/
0 Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/301544
0 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
0 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
0 related resource https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/
0 Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. https://doi.org/10.25921/2dp5-xm29
0 Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/301544
0 Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/301544
0 These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0233/0301544/
0 Information for contacts at NCEI. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Information for contacts at NCEI. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact
0 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
0 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
0 OCADS website https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system
0 related journal article https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18203-3
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
21 Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0301544.html
0 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
21 Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0301544.html
0 Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. https://doi.org/10.25921/2dp5-xm29
0 Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/301544
0 Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/301544
0 These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0233/0301544/
0 Information for contacts at NCEI. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Information for contacts at NCEI. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact
0 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
0 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
0 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
0 OCADS website https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system
0 related journal article https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18203-3
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 related resource https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
21 Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/ncei/ocads/metadata/0301544.html
0 Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. https://doi.org/10.25921/2dp5-xm29
0 Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/301544
0 Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/301544
0 These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP). ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0233/0301544/
0 Information for contacts at NCEI. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Information for contacts at NCEI. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact
0 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
0 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
0 Global Change Master Directory (GCMD). 2025. GCMD Keywords, Version 21. Greenbelt, MD: Earth Science Data and Information System, Earth Science Projects Division, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). URL (GCMD Keyword Forum Page): https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD+Keywords https://forum.earthdata.nasa.gov/app.php/tag/GCMD%2BKeywords
0 OCADS website https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system
0 related journal article https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18203-3
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 Institution web page http://www.exeter.ac.uk/
0 related resource https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/

Tags

  • world-wide distribution
  • fgco2
  • royal society research professorship to a. j. watson: rp140106
  • oceanography
  • derived products
  • data synthesis product
  • ocean carbon and acidification data system (ocads) project

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