GPM Ground Validation Passive Aquatic Listener (PAL)

The GPM Ground Validation Passive Aquatic Listener (PAL) dataset contains underwater hydrophone data at a one-minute time step with a typical 5 km diameter footprint when deployed or drifting at 1 km depth. Areal rain rate and wind speed estimates are mutually exclusive, meaning that time periods that are unambiguously identified as rain are used to estimate rain rate, and wind speed is only estimated in the absence of rain. The data are available in netCDF-4 format and include time, interpolated geolocation data, the rain rate or wind speed estimates for each time, and location pair. PALs are deployed irregularly on Argo ocean profiling floats and moorings, typically as part of field campaigns. As such, the number of PALs collecting data is inconsistent in time and space. The entire dataset covers the period from October 18, 2010, through July 28, 2021.