Fire biomarkers (levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan) recorded in the deep Denali, AK ice core from ~360 to 2013 CE

Monosaccharide anhydrides (MAs), or anhydrosugars which include levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan are combustion products of cellulose and hemicellulose that are used as biomass burning tracers. These fire biomarkers are incorporated into smoke plumes, transported through the atmosphere, and return to the surface through wet and dry deposition that can be archived in ice cores. Here, we quantify levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan through the Denali ice core to investigate past North Pacific fire activity.