Description
Deep subwavelength RF imaging with atomic Rydberg sensors has overcome fundamental limitations of traditionalantennas and enabled ultra-wideband detection of omni-directional time varying fields all in a compactform factor. However, in most applications, Rydberg sensors require the use of a secondary strong RF referencefield to serve as a phase reference. Here, we demonstrate a new type of Rydberg sensor for Angle-of-Arrival(AoA) sensing which utilizes subwavelength imaging of standing wave fields. By placing a metallic plate withinthe Rydberg cell, we can determine the AoA independent of the strength of incoming RF field and without requiringa secondary strong RF phase reference field. We perform precision AoA measurements with a roboticantenna positioning system for 4.2, 5.0, and 5.7 GHz signals and demonstrate a 1.7◦ polar angular resolutionfrom 0◦ to 60◦ AoA and 4.1◦ over all possible angles.
Resources
| Name | Format | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fig 1b | Unknown | The measured ratio, E_A/E_B, as a function of theta in degrees at f = 4.228, 5.044, and 5.711 GHz. | Open resource |
| Fig 2a | Unknown | The field E in V/m at a normalized distance, z/wavelength RF, as a function of incoming angle-of-arrival (AoA), theta in degrees, for an incident 1.0 V/m E-field incident on an infinite conducting plane polarized parallel to the plane of incidence. | Open resource |
| Fig 2b | Unknown | E-fields in V/m along Beam A and B, E_A and E_B, respectively, and the ratio of the fields, EA/EB, as a function of theta in degrees, for fields polarized parallel to the plane of incidence. | Open resource |
| Fig 2c | Unknown | The field E in V/m at a normalized distance, z/wavelength RF, as a function of incoming angle-of-arrival (AoA), theta in degrees, for an incident 1.0 V/m E-field incident on an infinite conducting plane polarized perpendicular to the plane of incidence. | Open resource |
| Fig 2d | Unknown | E-fields in V/m along Beam A and B, E_A and E_B, respectively, and the ratio of the fields, EA/EB, as a function of theta in degrees, for fields polarized perpendicular to the plane of incidence. | Open resource |
| Fig 2f | Unknown | Numerically determined average field strength in V/m along the length of the cell z in mm for various theta in degrees. | Open resource |
| Fig 2g | Unknown | The field ratio, EA/EB, vs. theta in degrees, for various frequencies in GHz. | Open resource |
| Fig 4a | Unknown | Probe transmission through PEC cell in arbitrary units vs. optical frequency detuning of coupling laser in MHz. Three traces are Beam A, Beam B, and the Reference cell. RF frequency was 5.044 GHz in the PEC cell. | Open resource |
| Fig 4b | Unknown | Probe absorption intensity across theta at f = 4.228, 5.044, and 5.711 GHz, for scanning coupling laser in Beam A, Beam B. Format: Stack of 2d contourf plot data. Col A: Angle: Theta (degrees) Col B: Detuning for 4.228 GHz (MHz) Col C: Beam A data for 4.228 GHz (Arb Units) Col D: Beam B data for 4.228 GHz (Arb Units) Col E: Detuning for 5.044 GHz (MHz) Col F: Beam A data for 5.044 GHz (Arb Units) Col G: Beam A data for 5.044 GHz (Arb Units) Col H: Detuning for 5.711 GHz (MHz) Col I: Beam A data for 5.711 GHz (Arb Units) Col J: Beam A data for 5.711 GHz (Arb Units) | Open resource |
| Fig 4c | Unknown | The ratio, E_A/E_B, as a function of theta in degrees at f = 4.228, 5.044, and 5.711 GHz. Format: Six linear plots data Col A: Angle: Theta (degrees) Col B: Experimental Ratio for 4.228 GHz (Unitless) Col C: Simulation Ratio for 4.228 GHz (Unitless) Col D: Experimental Ratio for 5.044 GHz (Unitless) Col E: Simulation Ratio for 5.044 GHz (Unitless) Col F: Experimental Ratio for 5.711 GHz (Unitless) Col G: Simulation Ratio for 5.711 GHz (Unitless) | Open resource |
| Fig 5a | Unknown | The standard deviation of the ratio E_A/ E_B for the components of the error model. Format: Three linear plots data Col A: Angle: Theta (degrees) Col B: Standard deviation from repeat measurements (deg) Col C: Standard error of the peak location fitting (deg) Col D: Type B analysis for the deviation in the ratio due to beam displacements | Open resource |
| Fig 5b | Unknown | The deviation in the AoA estimate from two repeat measurements, Deviation Run 2 and 3, and the Total Uncertainty (k=1) from the error model in Figure 5a. Format: Three linear plots data Col A: Angle: Theta (deg) Col B: Deviation Run 2 (deg) Col C: Deviation Run 3 (deg) Col D: Total Uncertainty (k=1) (deg) | Open resource |
| Fig 6a_6b_6c | Unknown | (a) Probe absorption intensity in Beam A and Beam B vs detuning and vs theta for all combinations of probe and coupling laser polarizations. In the data file, linP = Linear Probe, linC = Linear Coupling, circP = Circular Probe, and circC = Circular coupling. (b-c) The data in these two plots is a subset of the data shown in (a). Format: Col A: Probe Polarization (Type) Col B: Coupling Polarization (Type) Col C: Angle : Theta (deg) Col D: Detuning (MHz) Col E: Beam A probe absorption (Arb Units) Col F: Beam B probe absorption (Arb Units) | Open resource |
| Fig 6d | Unknown | The fraction of the probe absorption profile which does not split, i.e., the percentage area in the central peak, is given for differing optical polarizations and angle. The polarization abbreviations are the same as in Figure 6a. Format: Col A: Probe Polarization (Type) Col B: Coupling Polarization (Type) Col C: Angle : Theta (deg) Col D: Fraction in Central Peak - Beam A (Arb Units) | Open resource |
| Fig 6e | Unknown | The ratio, EA/EB, for different polarizations compared to that of the simulation result. Format: Col A: Angle : Theta (deg) Col B: EA/EB - Linear Probe: Linear Coupling (Unitless) Col C: EA/EB - Linear Probe: Circular Coupling (Unitless) Col D: EA/EB - Circular Probe: Linear Coupling (Unitless) Col E: EA/EB - Circular Probe: Circular Coupling (Unitless) Col F: EA/EB - Simulation (Unitless) | Open resource |
| Fig 6f | Unknown | The dipole moment transitions values are listed against the quantum numbers of the two states. "Pi" polarized probe, coupling and RF fields. Format: Col A: Quantum Number F1 (unitless) Col B: Quantum Number mF1 (unitless) Col C: Quantum Number F2 (unitless) Col D: Quantum Number mF2 (unitless) Col E: Polarization q (unitless) Col F: Dipole Moment (ea_0) | Open resource |
| Fig 6g | Unknown | The dipole moment transitions values are listed against the quantum numbers of the two states. "Sigma" polarized probe, coupling with "Pi" polarized RF fields. Format: Col A: Quantum Number F1 (unitless) Col B: Quantum Number mF1 (unitless) Col C: Quantum Number F2 (unitless) Col D: Quantum Number mF2 (unitless) Col E: Polarization q (unitless) Col F: Dipole Moment (ea_0) | Open resource |
| Fig 7a_7b | Unknown | The ratio, EA/EB, for simulated and measured values for varying azimuthal angle, phi, and polar angle, theta. Format: Col A: Angle : Theta (deg) Col B: Angle : Phi (deg) Col C: Simulated Ratio EA/EB (Unitless) Col D: Measured Ratio EA/EB (Unitless) | Open resource |
| Fig 8b | Unknown | Probe absorption intensity in Beam A and Beam B vs detuning and vs theta for varying RF polarization, chi. The data file columns include one column for each beam and chi=0, 45 and 90 degrees combination. Format: Col A: Angle : Theta (deg) Col B: Detuning (MHz) Col C: BeamA_Chi0 (Arb Units) Col D: BeamB_Chi0 (Arb Units) Col E: BeamA_Chi45 (Arb Units) Col F: BeamB_Chi45 (Arb Units) Col G: BeamA_Chi90 (Arb Units) Col H: BeamB_Chi90 (Arb Units) | Open resource |
| Fig 8c | Unknown | Ratio : EA/EB, as a function of theta and for varying RF polarization, chi = 0, 45 and 90 degrees. Format: Col A: Angle : Theta (deg) Col B: Ratio EA/EB Chi 0 (Unitless) Col C: Ratio EA/EB Chi 45 (Unitless) Col D: Ratio EA/EB Chi 90 (Unitless) | Open resource |
| Fig 8d | Unknown | Fraction in central peak, as a function of theta and for varying RF polarization, chi = 0, 45 and 90 degrees. Format: Col A: Angle : Theta (deg) Col B: Fraction Central Peak Chi 0 (Unitless) Col C: Fraction Central Peak Chi 45 (Unitless) Col D: Fraction Central Peak Chi 90 (Unitless) | Open resource |
| Fig 9b | Unknown | Ratio, EA/EB, as a function of theta with and without an external conducting plate. Format: Col A: Angle : Theta (deg) Col B: EA/EB - Without Plate (Unitless) Col C: EA/EB - With Plate (Unitless) | Open resource |
| Fig 9c | Unknown | Ratio of probe absorption heights of beam B and beam A (Ib/Ia)at zero detuning for varying theta and at f = 4.228, 5.044, and 5.711 GHz. Format: Col A: Angle : Theta (deg) Col B: Ib/Ia-4.228GHz (Unitless) Col C: Ib/Ia-5.044GHz (Unitless) Col D: Ib/Ia-5.711GHz (Unitless) | Open resource |
| README | Text | readme info for files | Open resource |