Effects of nitrogen and sulphur deposition on forests and forest biodiversity

Nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) emissions increased dramatically during the second half of the 20th century causing excess deposition of N and S in natural and semi-natural ecosystems. Both excess N and S deposition have a wide array of detrimental effects in forest ecosystems and their biodiversity. Unlike N emissions, which remain at a level which is too high, S emissions have been abated successfully in Europe through internationally ratified protocols (UNECE/CLRTAP) and related measures.